Adverb

Adverb beskriver hur saker görs. Medan adjektiv beskriver substantiv (t ex att huset är rött) så beskriver adverben hur verben görs, utför och man kanske till och med kan säga hur verben är (talar fint, målar vackert, talar sanningsenligt)

A number of adverbs of manner are formed from adjectives by adding -es, the ending of the accusative in the masculine singular, e.g. phares =heavily, difficult ,hard, hardly, heavy, it is hard; (phare = heavy, difficult, with difficulty, hardly, sadly, miserably, badly);, (phare mande = I am sorry, I regret, I am grieved); (phare mande latar =I am sorry for her, I feel sorry for her);(phareste = difficult); (pharo =heavy); bares=largely, greatly;(baro =big, great, large);

čačo=true, really, seriously, honest, true, real, right, right-hand, right side ,straigh; (čačes = truly, really, actually, seriously. rightly, correctly, true, righ ); (čačeste = really, seriously);( čače = really, truly, rightly, correctly, indeed, seriously, truly, indeed, right direction, in earnest to do s.th.; (čačunes =correctly, truly, right, really, indeed, honestly, in reality),( čačibaske/čačimaske =  actually, really); (čačibasa =verily, seriously); kalékanes= kale roma language; džuvlikanes = feminine, womanly, ladylike,; čorikanes = stealthily, thievishly; gadžikanes = in non Gipsy fashion, non-Romani language, majority language, national language, any language besides Romani; gadžikane = pl. no Gypsy,  in the non-Gypsy way, Swedish fashion; romanikanes = in non-Romani manner; gadžikano = sing.no Gypsy, non-Gypsy fashion, Swedish fashion (in Sweden); romanikane =in non-Romani manne; mulikane =  desperately; mulanes = almost dead, mortal, sadly; mulikanes = lifelessly, inertly: lokes= slowly, fine, mild, easy, simple, lightly,easily;   ; polokes/palokes  = slowly, softly, silently; poloke/paloke = slowly, quiet, in a slow voice; lokheste/lokeste = easy, easily, with ease easily, it is easy; loko = slow, easily, cheap,easy, light in weight;loke = slowly, quiet, in a slow voice, quietly; lokores =slowly

Note the mode of expression: del lafi romames(rakerela romanes) = he speaks the Gypsy language; phen gadžikanes!= say it in Swedish! (lit. in the non-Gipsy way); .

The fixed case forms (a) singular locative in e, or sometimes -i and (b) singular ablative in -al express an adverbial relationship. Ex. (a) andre/are=in, inside; angle = forward, on; avri/auri= out, outside; čhere=home, at home; maškare =in the middle; palpale =back, backward;

paše =near; tele downwards;ta-sarla/ta-sjarla/kalikos =yesterday; divese = by day; lujine = on Monday, last Monday; (b) andral=within, inside; anglal = before, in front; avrijal/avral=; outside, on the outside; dural =from afar, from afar off; po-aver-goritar /pe-doorig/ avere rigate /ko aver rigate=on the other side of; preko = over beyond; perdal =through,over there, beyond, from over there, across, beyond, on the other side; čheral = from home: maškaral in the o,

middle; mujal =over, down, upside down; upral/opral= over, above; palal =behind; pašal= near by; telal = at the bottom, below; trujum/trujal round, around, all around; trujal = everywhere, anywhere, round, around; trusčtal = around; trusčtales =all over the place trusčal/trusčal = around, about, everywhere, anywhere, round; trusčal =around, round; čoral = secretly, furtively, stealthily, covert; čorales=secretly, furtively; čoral = secretly, furtively, surreptitiously, secretly; čordanes = secretly, furtively; čorjal = secretly; čorjales =secretly; čorikane = secretly; čoročanes =stealthily, in secret ;

Some expressions in the oblique cases are used adverbially, e.g. (dat.) riatiake/ratiake =by night, (instr.) le dromesa along the road; (abl.) ko divesendar/djesendar = the day before yesterday; jekhhatar =immediately.

Certain adverbs have the same form as the corresponding adjectives in the nominative, e.g. šukar     čerdijan =you acted well: joj čerela pharo butii, she is working hard; na hin pharo tuke le Devlestar? (lit.) is it not heavy for you before God ?; sigo dža!= go fast!; signes =fast, quickly, rapidly; fugo! fast, quick!

The words mišto ‘good’, ‘well’ and dur ‘remotely’ are now used only as adverbials or predicative adjectives. Even certain nouns or constructions with nouns are used unchanged as adverbs, e.g. adives/adjes = to-day; ariat = this evening, to-night; o vaver/kadver dives = the other day; jekh var once; anijal/anilaj=this summer.

jekharestar = suddenly, all of a sudden, at once; jekhareste = suddenly, all of a sudden, at once The suffix -var forms multiplicative adverbs, e.g. butivar =many times; trivar =three times; kutivar/ceravar/univar =few times; adurvar/mijavar=thousand times

Med ändelse –es formar man adverb på kale:

• čačes – rätt
• romanes – på romskt sätt
• lačhes – bra, fint
• šhukares – bra, fint

En annan ändelse som används för att forma adverb är -al:

• maškaral – i mitten
• avrijal – utanför

Adverb uttrycker hur man gör någonting. Det är alltså ofta adjektiv som beskriver ett verb istället för ett substantiv. Det som på engelska skrivs med ändelsen -ily t ex happily.

Adverb bildas med ändelsen -es.
baro – stor (adjektiv)
bares – stort (adverb)

šhukar – vacker
šhukares – vackert

Adverb bildas också med ändelsen -al
andre – inuti
andral – inne

opre/upre – upp
opral/upral – ovanför

Adverb bildas med ändelsen -e
čher – hus
čhere – hemma

nijal/nilaj – sommar
nijale/nilaje – på sommaren                                                                                                                        nijalutno/nilajutno av sommaren nijales/ando nilaj/nilajes i sommar

Adverbs A number of adverbs of manner are formed from adjectives by adding -es, the ending of the accusative in the masculine singular, e.g. phares =heavily, difficult ,hard, hardly, heavy, it is hard; (phare = heavy, difficult, with difficulty, hardly, sadly, miserably, badly);, (phare mande = I am sorry, I regret, I am grieved); (phare mande latar =I am sorry for her, I feel sorry for her);

(phareste = difficult); (pharo =heavy); bares=largely, greatly;(baro =big, great, large);

čačo=true, really, seriously, honest, true, real, right, right-hand, right side ,straigh; (čačes = truly, really, actually, seriously. rightly, correctly, true, righ ); (čačeste = really, seriously);( čače = really, truly, rightly, correctly, indeed, seriously, truly, indeed, right direction, in earnest to do s.th.; (čačunes =correctly, truly, right, really, indeed, honestly, in reality),( čačibaske/čačimaske =  actually, really); (čačibasa =verily, seriously); kalékanes= kale roma language; džuvlikanes = feminine, womanly, ladylike,; čorikanes = stealthily, thievishly; gadžikanes = in non Gipsy fashion, non-Romani language, majority language, national language, any language besides Romani; gadžikane = pl. no Gypsy,  in the non-Gypsy way, Swedish fashion; romanikanes = in non-Romani manner; gadžikano = sing.no Gypsy, non-Gypsy fashion, Swedish fashion (in Sweden); romanikane =in non-Romani manne; mulikane =  desperately; mulanes = almost dead, mortal, sadly; mulikanes = lifelessly, inertly: lokes= slowly, fine, mild, easy, simple, lightly,easily;   ; polokes/palokes  = slowly, softly, silently; poloke/paloke = slowly, quiet, in a slow voice; lokheste/lokeste = easy, easily, with ease easily, it is easy; loko = slow, easily, cheap,easy, light in weight; loke = slowly, quiet, in a slow voice, quietly; lokores =slowly.

Note the mode of expression: del lafi romames(rakerela romanes) = he speaks the Gypsy language; phen gadžikanes!= say it in Swedish! (lit. in the non-Gipsy way);

The fixed case forms (a) singular locative in e, or sometimes -i and (b) singular ablative in -al express an adverbial relationship. Ex. (a) andre/are=in, inside; angle = forward, on; avri/auri= out, outside; čhere=home, at home; maškare =in the middle; palpale =back, backward;

paše =near; tele downwards;ta-sarla/ta-sjarla/kalikos =yesterday; divese = by day; lujine = on Monday, last Monday; (b) andral=within, inside; anglal = before, in front; avrijal/avral=; outside, on the outside; dural =from afar, from afar off; po-aver-goritar /pe-doorig/ avere rigate /ko aver rigate=on the other side of; preko = over beyond; perdal =through,over there, beyond, from over there, across, beyond, on the other side; čheral = from home: maškaral in the o,

middle; mujal =over, down, upside down; upral/opral= over, above; palal =behind; pašal= near by; telal = at the bottom, below; trujum/trujal round, around, all around; trujal = everywhere, anywhere, round, around; trusčtal = around; trusčtales =all over the place trusčal/trusčal = around, about, everywhere, anywhere, round; trusčal =around, round; čoral = secretly, furtively, stealthily, covert; čorales=secretly, furtively; čoral = secretly, furtively, surreptitiously, secretly; čordanes = secretly, furtively; čorjal = secretly; čorjales =secretly; čorikane = secretly; čoročanes =stealthily, in secret ;

Some expressions in the oblique cases are used adverbially, e.g. (dat.) riatiake/ratiake =by night, (instr.) le dromesa along the road; (abl.) ko divesendar/djesendar = the day before yesterday; jekhhatar =immediately.

Certain adverbs have the same form as the corresponding adjectives in the nominative, e.g. šukar  čerdijan =you acted well: joj čerela pharo butii, she is working hard; na hin pharo tuke le Devlestar? (lit.) is it not heavy for you before God ?; sigo dža!= go fast!; signes =fast, quickly, rapidly; fuort/fugo! fast, quick, at once, soon, quickly!

The words mišto ‘good’, ‘well’ and dur ‘remotely’ are now used only as adverbials or predicative adjectives. Even certain nouns or constructions with nouns are used unchanged as adverbs, e.g. adives/adjes = to-day; ariat = this evening, to-night; o vaver/kaver dives = the other day; jekh var once; anijal/anilaj=this summer; jekharestar = suddenly, all of a sudden, at once; jekhareste = suddenly, all of a sudden, at once:

The suffix -var forms multiplicative adverbs, e.g. butivar =many times; trivar =three times; kutivar/ceravar/univar =few times; adurvar/mijavar=thousand times. pal ado/oda/ada, pala kodo,/odkanastar = since then, since that time ; datunča/datunči = since; adotar/atunčara = since then; datunčara =since, since then; atunčijal=then, afterwards, since then; adakada = since then, ever since;

The suffix -ara forms a small number of temporal adverbs, e.g. pala-adava/datunčara = since, since then, since that time, since, since then, then, afterwards; da-sarla/da-sara/adives-sarla = from today; katar-adive/ada-sara=from today; daje-sara/da-de-sara=from this day; adives-sara/adiesara= from to day on; desar/ de-kana =since when

The suffix -ne added to names of days forms temporal adverbs, e.g. žojne/ ko štarto dives= on Thursday, last Thursday (žoja =Thursday); de-akana =from now on; o-da-kana = =from now; akan-astar from now on, from this time on;

akana/akanak/akanake/ akanakes/akanaske/kanakes = now; (from: akana/akan = now, immediately, at once, right now, then) and (akanak =now,right now,then); de-sar/dži goda =since when; kanakana =sometimes, from time to zime; de-akanara-angle=from now on; adatar/odotar =from here; akanastar =from now on, from this time on; kana/kada=when; kana te avel = whenever; katar/koda=since then; katar = whence;

Several adverbs are formed from pronominal stems. The most common pronominal adverbs are: kate/akate =here, hither, in this place; (a)karing/darig/akarig = in this side, hither, here, here to, here local; here directional; de akaring = from here; ajarik=over here; kari = where to, where; karig = where… from , whence, from whence; akari= in this direction, hither, here, in this place, on this side; kari =where to, where; karinga /karina = in what direction; akatar =. this way, in this direction, hither, here ,on this side, from here; akathe = here; kata =from where; akate – okote/ khate ta khote=here and there, everywhere; okorig =there, on that side; okoj = there, over there, yonder ;okoring = in that direction, there; okoringa = in that direction, there; okotar = there, from there ,that way, in that direction , beyond, on the other side; koj = (over) there; kori = there, over there; kotta = from there; kolese = therefore, hence, thence, for that reason, because of that; kolestar = from there, thence: khote/kote = there, thither, there local; there directional; kotka/kutka = there;kotkar/kutkar = from there; kotkha=there; (a)katar = ‘from here, hence; adar/katar =from where, where, where from,  from, from here; akorik = there;  kadarig = from here ,this way; kadathar =from here , this way,at thisplace; kote=here and there ; katende = nowhere, somewhere, anywhere; khathendar/katendar =from somewhere, from anywhere, from nowhere; adaj/(a)kathe/kate = here, here local; here directional; khathende = nowhere, somewhere, anywhere; katargodi = from wherever; kotar/kota= from there, thence; kothar =from there; kaj-to = somewhere; kaj=where, where to, then, consequently ; kajgodi =wherever; kodolesa=thereby; nikaj/nika = nowhere; nikathar =from nowhere; nikotar =nowhere; nikada=never; nikate =nowhere; kije =thereto, to it; koda= there; kokodoj = there, over there; nikana = never; nekana=some time; džigothe = as far as here, up to here; džikana = as far as to there, as far as to there  ; džikate = up to here, this far; džikote = as far as to there; dži-akanak= until now, so far; koring = there, over there, on that side; ko-aver-than = elsewhere; ko-sa-e-riga = on all sides, on every side, everywhere, all over (the place); ko-savo-than= at which place? where?; adaj = here; adarig =from here,this way; adathar = from here ,this way , at this place; akaj =lthere, over there; akarig = to, until , from there, out there; odaj=there; odarik=there (that side);odoj = there; adoj=there, thither; odotar = from there; doleha= thereby; doleske=therefore; odoring/dorig = here; dote =there; dorig = there, from there; odorik = from there; daj = here, hither; data/ odathar = from here; dotta=from there; odote =there; odori/dori = there; adarina = to that side ada-rik = here; adastar = from here; adathar=from here; odkada =since then, ever since; akana = now,just,immediatel;akanas=immediately; akan= now,right now, then; kana/ka= now, when, today, than, as, any time, when; akaja = so, thus, in this manner; kan= now; kasno = late  ; kasneder = later; akor = then, lately,in this case; dosna =recently, lately, late; akanake/ akanaske =now; nekana = some time; ka = when;kadiki =so much;aja-but= so much; kati/kazum/kazom= so much; kada/kodija=so, thus, in this way = so; kadža = this way, in this way, thus; definitely, in this way, thus, this way,exactly; adža = this way, thus;in that place

kata/kate/katka = here, hither; kote/kutka= there, in that place; kota/kata/katar/katkar = from here, this way; kotka/kutka = there (far away); koda/kotka = there; kota/kotar/kutkar/kotkar = from there, from here, from there further away; kata = from where; adatar/akatar/ adastar =from here.

(a) (demonstrative) kada/koda = m. that one, that; koda/kova = m. that; akava = that, that over there; okava =that one, that one (over) there,; kodoja =that (f.);kodova/kova/kouva =that (m.); koda/odo=that, those;odoja = f that; okova/kova = m this ,one there; kaja= f. this; odola = pl those; odova/kava = m that; kada/koda/kaja=this (f.); kala=pl these; kola/okola =pl those; kala/dala= pl these; adaja = f. this; akada =m. this; akaja = f this; kaja f this, which; kaja = this, these, that; kaj = f this; kadaj = pl these; kodaj =pl thos; kadi=f this; kado= m this, this is; kasavo = m. such a;

(b) (relative) kaj = which (rel.)where, where to,whither, which, who, what; kada = when; kova = which (rel.); akaj =where; kana = when; katar/katar =where from, from where, where; kajso = where; kana=when; ka/kaj = where; dale/kale =pl these; karig/karik=where, there, where; sar = how; savo=who, which; sai = that, which; kon = who, which, that; ka =where; sar-but/sode= how much; soste/sostar= wyh;

 (c) (interrogative)? sarsi/sarhin = what kind of; sostar = why; sar = how; savo = which, which kind of,who, that,; karig/karik =. where, where to, on which side, where, where to ; save = which (one) (interr.); sostar = why; kastar = from who; sar te=how; katar= where from, where; sarsavo =what kind of; kanastar = since when,since; sa-o-katar =which of; katar = from where, whence,whose ; kones /kasko/ koneskiero = whose;kaj =  where,whither; sar =how, as, like, how; kon = who; keči/kiči/kazom =how many, how much; kečidžene=how many people; kečivar = how many times,whenever; kečivar diveseste = how many times a day; kičoro = (diminutive of) how many, how much;sodivar =how many times; katar = from where;kana= when; kon = who, which; soste= why; sostar = why ; soda= how much ;

 (d) (indefinite) sa =all, everything, eyerybody; sare/savore = all; saro=whole, all, everything; svakar/sakon = everyone, any, every;sako/svako =every, each, everybody, everyone; nisaj = no, nobody, no one;sargodi = somehow; vaver/aver = other,. second; sargodi = however; sarsavo= every, eac;sare-duj/so-duj = both; sarsavo = every, each; isavo = whatever, any; nekaso =f someone’s; nikasko = no one’s; varekaj=somewhere; varekana =sometime; varekatar= from somewhere; kajgodi = anywhere; kasavo =such a; kana = when;ka = where; varekana = sometime; varekongodi =somebody, whoever; varesogodi=something; savore/sare=all, everybody; varekasko =someone’s; vareso = something, anything; varekaj = somewhere; varekon =anyone, someone,somebody, anybody;varesosko=any, anyone; varekatar=from somewhere; varesavo=any, some kind of; vareko = someone, somebody, anybody, anyone; varekeči=some; kajek =. somebody, anybody,something, anything svakojake = all kinds of: našti/ništa = nothing; sajekh = everyone;

mudardo = ruined, spoiled;murime = damaged;musardino =spoilt,damaged; musardo = m spoilt, damaged; rimome = spoilt, damaged romume = spoilt , damaged , ruined;

rumosardo = m spoilt, damaged; rumume= spoilt, damaged, ruined; rumisardo= m 1. Spoilt, damaged, ruined; musarel = destroy, spoil, ruin  xajarel = förstöra , hacka , smula; xasarel = lose, destroy; hasardo = destroyed, lost;rumime= spoilt, damaged, ruined; phago=broken; pharimen =split; pharado =. bust, ruined, torn, broken,. strewn , shabby, split,carved (animals),pulled out (dough); pharimen = split; phagerel = bryta, krossa,krossa, förstöra;  mosarel =förstöra, förstöra phagerdo = smashed, battered,destroyed,crippledbroke, broken, broke, ,rashed, shattered, exhausted, tired, shattered (in the sense of exhausted); pharisardo =made difficult/hard, weighte,burdened, loaded; phagerdo/romume = smashed, battered, destroyed,destroyed , crippled;  peradino=destroyed, ruined; perado = destroyed, ruined; phagirdo = broken

The pronominal adjectives sa and but may be used adverbially, e.g. sa rimome/phagerdo o foro =the own is completely destroyed, ruined; but falinela/oftisardjea pala late =  he longed very much for her; sa dilo lo =he is completely mad; sa dilo la =she is completely mad; falinipe = being absent, absence, lack

*tuga= sorrow,grief,longing, yearning; falisarol = lack, be short, not have, be lacking, want,not to be present, be absen, be missing, missing,stay, deviate,leave,keep away, absent o.s., miss , leave: falinel/falimbe =be absent, be missing, lack; falil/ falisarisard-/falime/falisarime = thank, be absent, be missing; falil =lack, be short, not have, be lacking, want,not to be present, be absent/missing , stay/keep away, absent o.s., miss (one’s aim) ,leave; falipe= m lack;

oftisarel = long, yearn;xanjol/xanjula =get bored,miss, long; xanjuvela = get bored, miss, long; phare mande=I am sorry, I regret, I am grieved; phare mande latar =I am sorry for her, I feel sorry for her;

Other common adverbs are: aba/jedva/debja =hardly, scarcely; šajte/ amborim.probably, perhaps, maybe, probably, presumably,possibly; fani/šaj = maybe, perhaps; fajma = perhaps, maybe, apparently, about´; šaj te avel=can become, can happen; akor/atunči/atunča/atunč = then, at that time; atuntši=then; datunči = since; atunčijal then, afterwards,since then;

akor=then, lately, in this case, at that time, afterwards, after, after that; akori = there; ako=each, every; mišto/šukar/feder/bine= weIl, it is better, mainly; drovin lačhes = very well; sar-trebul-pe = properly, well, like one should (to do sth.); koni-feder=better; fededer/fendides = better; mekh sa feder = much more, much better, much sooner;

de-tesara/ de-tesarla/ ata-sarla = from tomorrow; de-džava/jive/ivja= in vain ,without payment, gratis; dosta/ dosti = enough, sufficient, sufficiently ,abundant, fairly, rather; dostapno/ šaj dželo = available; dosna = recently, latel, latter, late; feri/ferdi/ čak = only; merely, barely, just ;

fenči/fenčo/feno/feni =only, merely; jekto/korkoře/samo/sade =first, firstly, only, any, alone, just,just, exactly, merely; veče/deže/deža/mar/gata = ready, just, already, only, just; čerel gata= to get sth. ready, to finish sth., to complete sth.; fertik = ready, finished; adoj/intia = thither, there (local); there (directional), in that direction, in this direction; akaring/akari/karing =whither, in what direction, in this direction, hither , here, in this place , on this side, here, on this side, hither, in this direction;

trujum/trujal/trustal–trusčal /krugom/turjal/okolo=about, around,all aroun, all around ,all round it, everywhere, anywhere, in circles, roundabout; koni-but/mai =more;

daži/čak = even; mejk-feder = even more; čak ni a=not even; odoringar=  that way, in that direction; ajcici =a little, just (a little), only; cira/tsira =a little; kuti-po-kuti/po tšira =little by little; kutjata = a little;buka=little, just a little bit,: nabut =some, few, a little;pra/prabut/nin =too,also; sajekh/ uvek/sagda =always,constantly, forever, permanently, for ever, constantly, eternally, continuously, all the time, each time, aja-buteha =much, many, a lot of , too much, too many; čekar/šoha/nikada=never,  at no time, by no means ; tista = quite, very, completely

tistara = quite, altogether, altogether, completely, utterly, thoroughly; čačo-čačuno = quite correct; fuort = at once, soon, quickly; fuortunes = importantly; forte =very, quite; sasvim =quite, wholly, completely; karing /vorde= hither, here; adoj=there, thither; džiakana/dosadno = hitherto; kaj = where, whither;horta= rightly,upright, straight,directly, just ,sincerely, correctly, rightly, properly; horto = straight ,flat, even; de horta = straight ahead; čorjal/čorčal/počorjal = secretly, furtively,surreptitiously , without asking (permission), dastardly; čerič =furtively, secretly; tesara/tesarla= to-morrow; paše/pašti =about, approximately, close, nearly about, approximately; opretele=approximately, roughly

* phares = hardly; phare = with difficulty, hardly, sadly, miserably, badly (feel); pharibosa = hardly, with difficulty, with great difficulty; džorales= hardly; jedva =barely, hardly; pareste = hardly; phare =with difficulty, hardly , sadly, miserably, badly (feel)

Comparison of adjectives and adverbs alt 1                                                                                   

pos.	komp.	superl.
baro	baride	koni-baride/barider
but	butide	koni butide/butider
šukar	šukaride	koni  šukaride/ šukarider
paše	pašede/pašide	koni-pašide/pašider
fende	fedede	koni fedede/ fededer
feder	fedide/fendide	koni fedide/koni-fendid/fedider
lokes	lokide	koni lokider/lokider
lačhes	lačhede	koni lačhede/lačheder
mišto	mištide	koni mištide/ mištider
tele	telide	koni telide/telider
upre	uprider	koni upride/uprider
baxto	baxider	koni baxide/baxider
sigo	sigide	koni sigide/sigider
lošano	lošide	koni lošide/ lošider

Comparison of adjectives and adverbs alt 2

pos.	komp.	superl.
baro/bari/bare	koni baro/bari/bare	o koni baro/bari/bare
but	koni but	o koni but
šukar	koni šukar	o koni  šukar
paše	koni paše	o koni paše
fende	koni fende	o koni fende
feder	koni feder	o koni feder
lokes	koni lokes	o koni lokes
lačhes	koni lačhes	o koni lačhes
mišto	koni mišto	o koni mišto
tele	koni tele	o koni tele
upre	koni uprie	o koni upre
baxtalo	koni baxtalo	o koni baxtalo
sigo	koni sigo	koni sigo
lošano	koni lošano	koni lošano

Many adverbs form the comparative and superlative in the same way as adjectives and participles with the help of the adverb; a)(koni adv mod = most superlative particle); (maj= part  pref. of comparative and superlative degree) ;(maj part sup superlative particle more); (maj=more part comp comparative);  (maj= more part comp comparative);(o maj part sup most (superlative) ;( le g maj part grad superlative particle; o le maj phureder = the eldest;le maj feder =best;

/po/ maj = (part comp more (comparative) =’more’ respectively mai preceded by the definite article, (naj- part comp superlative particle);(šaj part mod modal particle expressing possibility/ability); ( maj– part comp prefix of comparative);

Negative adverbs are na=no (with imp.),not;  na = part negno, not (with imperative and indicative); na part neg no (with imp.), not; nina =part negnot either, neither; ma na =part negno more, no longer, only do not (prohibitive particle; na = part neg not, don’t, doesn’t, didn’t utt; ma part neg not (+ imp.); ni =part neg not either, neither, not even, even…not  ; na- na =part neg no-no; nai part neg = not, negation;nan =part neg not, negation;nana= part neg not, negation; nana = part neg not, negation; nanaj part neg =not, negation, there is no; na maj=part neg not any more; ma = part neg not, negation of imperative mood; na part neg don’t (with verbs in imperative); niči part neg no, nothing, not at all (negative answer, more emphatic than na); khanči part neg not; či part neg not; či part neg no, not (+ indicative): nič part neg nothing , not at all (in combination with the negation particle na/ma and tši, which correspond to the English ‘not’.

Na is used (a) in front of imperatives, (b) between the conjunction te and the verb in object clauses (also independent) and in final, and (c) joined to the auxiliary verb hin/si in the present and imperfect forms in the 3rd person singular and plural: na-hin/na-i ‘is not’, ‘are not’, na s ‘was not’, ‘were not’. Ex. (a) ma/na dža budide adoj/kote! =do not go there any more !; ma/na phen ado!= do not say it! (b) te na džas!=do not go !; phendom les te na butide džal adoj/kote =I told him not to go there; riker les te na perel= hold him so that he does not fall !; (c) na sas les louve= he had no money; na hin ma vareso te čera=I have nothing to do; tši/čhi is used in other cases, commonly preceding the verb, e.g. me na/ši/čhi butide džava adoj/kote =I do not go there any more; na/ši/čhi phenjol  čiči/ vareso/khanči/konik/ so- čemoni = he does not say anything; na/ši/čhi somas me adoj/kote= I was not there; te na/ši/čhi aven tesara musaj te tradas korkoro = if they do not come to-morrow we must travel alone.