Pronouns – Pronomen

	Pronomen	Presens	Imperfekt
1. s	me	som	somas
2. s	tu	Sal/	salas
3. s	jov	hi/hin/si/sas	sas/hine/
3. s	joi	hi/hin/si/sas	sas/hine/
1. pl	amen	sam	samas
2. pl	tumen	san	sanas
3. pl	jon	hi/hin/hine	sas/hine/hinas

Personliga pronomen

N	jov	joi	jon	pe/pes	pen
O	les	la	len
Aku	les	la	len	pes,pe	pen
Loc	leste	late	lende
Dat	leske	lake	lenge	peske	penge
Gen	lesko	lako	lengo	pesko	pengo
prep	leste	late	lende	peste	pende
Abl	lestar	latar	lendar	pestar	pendar
Inst	lesa	lasa	lenca	pesa	penca

mo phral =min bror

me phrala = mina bröder

mi phen= min syster

ti dad = din pappa

ti daj= din manma

te phenja= dina systrar

Personliga pronomen – istället för namn på personer

Nom	me	tu	les	la	ame-me	tume	le
Obl	man	tut			amen	tumen
Aku	man	tut	les	la	amen-men	tumen	len
Loc	mande	tute			amenda	tumende
Dat	mange	tuke	leske	lake	amenge-menge	tumenge	lenge
Gen	muro, mo, mro, muri, mure	tiero, ti, tiri tire	lesko leski leske	lako, laki, lake	amaro	tumaro	lendgo
Prepo	mande	tute	leste	late	amende-mende	tumende	lende
Abl	mandar	tutar	lestar	latar	amendar-mendar	tumendar	lendar
Inst	mansa	tusa-tuha	lesa	lasa	amenca	tumenca	lenca

Personal pronouns

1st person

Sing.	sing	plur
nom.	me = i – jag	ame we – vi	tu = you – du	tume =  you – ni
acc.	man,ma	amen,ame	tut,tu	tumen,tume
dat.	mange	amenge	tuke	tumenge
prep.	mande	amende	tute	tumende
instr.	mansa/mantsa	mansa/mantsa	tusa	tumensa/tumentsa
abl.	mandar	amendar	tutar	tumendar
gen.	mango	amengo	tuko	tumengo

Pronomen

	Nom	Oblique	Independ oblique	possesiva	Enclitic reflexive
1 sing	me	ma/man-	man	mir-e	man
2 sing	tu	tu/tut	tut	tir-e	pe
1 plu	ame	amen-	amen	amar-e	amen
2 plu	tume	tumen-	tumen	Tumar-e	pe
3:e s. mas	jov	les-	les	les-ko, les-kr-o	pe
3:e s. fem	joi	la-	la	la-ko, la-kr-o	pe
3:e pl	jon	len-	len	lenko, len-kr-o	pe
Reflex		Pes-	pes	pes-kr

Interrogativa pronomen

nom	kon	kone
aku	kones/kon	Konen/kone
dativ	koneske/kaske	Konenge
gen	konesko/koneski/koneske Kasko/kaski/kaske	Konengo/konegi/konenge
Preap/loc	koneste/kaste	Konende
abl	konestar/kastar	Konendar
instr	koneha/kasa	Konenca
obl	kas

nom	Savo	Save	So
aku	Saves/savo	Saven/save	So
dativ	Saveske	Savenge	Soske = Vad för
gen	Savesko/saveski/saveske	Savenge/savengi/savenge	Sosko-soski-soske
Preap/loc	Saveste	Savende	Soste
abl	Savestar	Savendar	Sostar = varför
instr	Saveha	Savenca	Sosa
obl		So	So
nom

Verbets paradigm (”mönsterbild”) är ett ords olika böjningsformer betraktade som mönster (böjningsmönster) för en grupp ord med samma böjningssätt.

The genitive forms in compounds with the particle bi- without, tex. (kames) te džas                                                           

bi-mango? = will you go without me?

(me) šaj čerava (k)ado/kova bi-tumenge = i can do that without you.;

bi-amengo tradena. = they leave without us.

3^rd person

	Sing mask	Sing fem	Plur mask. fem
Nom.	jov =he	joj = she	jon(e) they
Acc.	les	la	len,le
Dat.	leske	lake	lenge
Gen.	lesko	lako	lengo
Prep.	leste	late
Abl.	lestar	latar	lendar
Instr.	lesa	lasa	lenca,lentsa

Enclitic forms: lo=he, la=she, le= they

The accusative forms man, amen, tut, tumen, len are used chiefly in strong-stressed position(before the predicate), e.g. man hi/si jekh nevo vuordon/ačhibosko-karavanos = I have a new caravan; hin/si tut ni čhera?=  have you also houses?; dikhlejan/dikhlean tu ma?= did you see me?; len hin/si louve! = they have money!

The personal pronoun is often expressed in the accusative with double forms: strong-stressed before the verb, weak-stressed after, e.g. man hin/si jekh nevo čher; (man hin/si ma jekh nevo čher) = I have a new house; dukhal man mo per (man dukhal ma o per/džomra) = my stomach aches; me dabavava/dabarav tut!;( me tut te dav dab!) = i will beat you!; amen hin/si aja but amala; (amen si ame aja but malatsa)= we have so many friends

The genitive forms of the personal pronouns of the third person in the singular and plural are used as possessive pronouns see. The enclitic forms can be placed after nouns, adjectives, participles, numerals, pronouns and adverbs, replacing the independent

forms plus the auxiliary verb-form hin/si ‘is’, ‘are’, e.g. šereskiero lo = he is chief;                      dili la = she is mad; prindžarde/pinsarde le = they are recognized; šov le = they are six; miri la = she is mine; adaj/darig/kate lo =he is here. The independent forms are mostly applied to animate beings, the enclitic forms about both animate beings and inanimate objects, e.g. na/tši prindžarava/pinsarava dala/kadala le romen, jon hin/si romungri = i don’t know these Gipsies, they are chiefly Ungriako Gipsies; natši/našti penas e mol, pre/pra but šutlo la = they could not drink the wine, it was too sour. The enclitic forms, when applied to inanimate objects, express the English ‘it’ (plur. ‘they’), e.g. kaj hin ti čhuri? darig/adarig la! = where is your knife? here it is!

Reflexive-Reflexiva pronouns

nom	jov	joj
obl	pes =själv, sig själv	pen
aku	pes	pen
dativ	peske =för sig själv	penge
gen	pesko-peski-peske	pengo
preap	peste	pende
abl	pestar = från sig själv	pendar
instr	pesa=med sig själv	penca

1. In conjunction with certain verbs the accusative or sometimes dative forms of the personal pronouns of the first and second person in the singular and plural:

(a) acc., sing. ma, tu; plur. ame, tume; (b) dat., sing. mange, tuke; plur. amenge, tumenge, serve as reflexive pronouns, e.g. arakh/rakh tu! = be careful!; dža tuke!= go away!

2. The reflexive pronoun of the 3rd person is: sing. acc. pes, pe = himself, herself, itself, gen. pesko, dat. peske,‘ prep. peste, instr. pesa, abl. pestar, plur. acc. pes, pe themselves, gen. pengo, dat penge, prep. pende, instr. penca/pentsa, abl. pendar.

Note that the accusative is identical in the singular and plural. The genitive forms of the reflexive pronoun of the 3rd person

are serving as possessive pronouns. Reciprocity is expressed with jekh-avreste/jekhe- avers/jekh-vaures = ‘each other’ (lit.’one another’) or also with the accusative forms (of the 1st and 2nd person) ame, tume and (of the 3rd person reflexive) pe, e.g. ma čhingaren-pe tumen!, (na xana-pe tume!) = don’t quarrel!; ma xala-pe! xav-ma te kamava  = don’t quarrel! I quarrel if I want to celo/saro dives (jon) čhingaren-pe,(celo dives xan-pe)= they quarrel the whole day long; den-pe bule/dena-buje/bujaven/kuren = they have sexual intercourse.

Sing.	sing.	Plur.
nom.	me = i	ame, me = we	tu = you	tume
acc.	man	amen, men	tut,tu	tumen,tume
dat.	mange	amenge, menge	tuke	tumenge
gen.	lesko	amengo		tumengo
prepos.	mande	amende, mende	tute	tumende
abl.	mandar	amendar, mendar	tutar	tumendar
instr.	mansa	amenca/amentsa	tusa	tumenca/tumentsa

Sing.	mask.	fem.	mask/fem plu.
nom.	jov	joj	jon, jone
acc.	les	la	len
dat.	leske	lake	lenge
gen.	lesko	lako	lengo
prepos.	leste	late	lende
abl.	lestar	latar	lendar
instr.	lesa	lasa	lenca

Sing.	mask.	fem.	mask/fem plu.
nom.	amare	tumare
acc.	amaren	tumaren
dat.	amarenge	tumarenge
gen.	amarengo	tumarengo
prepos.	amarende	tumarende

Sing.	mask.	fem.	mask/fem plu.
nom.	jov	joj	jon, jone
acc.	les	la	len
dat.	leske	lake	lenge
gen.	lesko	lako	lengo
prepos.	leste	late	lende
abl.	lestar	latar	lendar
instr.	lesa	lasa	lenca

Sing.	mask.	fem.
nom.	amare	tumare
acc.	amaren	tumaren
dat.	amarenge	tumarenge
gen.	amarengo	tumarengo
prepos.	amarende	tumarende
abl.	amarendar	tumarendar
instr.	amarenca/ amarentsa	tumarenca/ tumarentsa

Possessiva pronomen och oblique

1:a per nom	muro, mo, mro	muri, mi	mure,me
1:a per obl	mure, mre	mura	mure
2:a per nom	tiero,to	tieri,ti	tiere, te
2:a per obl	tiere	tiera	tiere

Possessive pronouns

1st person: sing. miero, mo = my, plur. amaro, maro = our.

2nd person: sing. tiero, ti = your, thy (lat. tuus), plur. tumaro = your. (lat. vester).

The possessives of the l st and 2nd persons are declined like adjectives in -o, with the exception that the oblique forms are identical in the masculine and feminine, e.g. sing. nom. masc. miero = my, fem. mieri; obi. mase. and fem. mire; plur. nom. masc.

and fem. miere; obi. mase. and fem. mire. 3rd person: sing. lesko = his (lat. eius), lako = her (lat. eius); plur. lengo = their (lat. eorum, earum). 3rd person reflexive: sing. pesko=his (her) own (lat. suus), plur. pengo = their own (lat. suus).

The possessives of the 3rd person are declined like genitive adjectives, e.g. sing. nom. mase. lesko = his, fem.leski; obI.mase. and fem. leske; plur. nom. mase. and fem.leske; obi. mase. and fem.leske. Note that the possessives of the 3rd person are formed from the accusatives of the personal pronouns, respectively the reflexive

pronoun, by adding the suffix -ko (-ki, -ke, -go, -gi, -ge), e.g. les = him, lesko = his; len = them, lengo = their.

The forms miero, mieri, miere alternate with mura or mora etc. The

forms cjiero/tjiero, cjieri/tjieri, cjiere/tjiere can become ciiro,kiiro or tširo etc.  The forms tiira, tiiri, tiire can be reduced to tio, tii, tie. The shorter forms are used when the pronoun is without emphasis, e.g. arakhjom. tie daj kalikos/tašja/tasa = I met your mother yesterday; tiiri/tieri daj sas, kaj arakhjom, la kalikos/tašja/tasa? = was it your mother, i met yesterday?

Only the longer forms can stand independently, e.g. mieri hin/si,vajke/sajte,ni  – tiiri? (hin/si ado mieri, ni/vajke/sajte, tiiri?) =  is it mine or yours?

The forms amare = our ‘and tumare ‘ = your ‘can be declined substantially: nom. amare, acc. amaren; dat. amarenge, gen. amarengo, prep. amarende, abI. amarendar, instr. amarenca/ amarentsa,.

Ex .: na hin rom amarendar = he isn’t one of our Gipsies; dikhljan vare-kon anda amarende? = did you see any of our people

Demostrativa pronomen

1:a per nom	jov	joj	jon
1:a per obl	les	la	len

Sing.	mask.	fem.	mask/fem plu.
nom.	adava		adala
acc.	adales/adava		adalen/dala
dat.	adaleske		adalenge
gen.	adalesko		adalengo
prepos.	adaleste		adalende
abl.	adalestar		adalendar
instr.	adaleha/adalesa		adalenca/adalentsa

Sing.	mask.	fem.	mask/fem plu.
nom.	adova, dova		adola
acc.	adoles,adola,doles		adolen/adola/dolen
dat.	adoleske/doleske		adolenge/dolenge
gen.	adolesko/dolesko		adolengo/dolengo
prepos.	adoleste/doleste		adolende/dolende
abl.	adolestar/dolestar		adolendar/dolendar
instr.	adoleha/doleha, adolesa/dolesa		adolenca/dolenca/ adolentsa/dolentsa

Sing.	mask.	fem.	mask/fem plu.
nom.	kova/kouva		kola
acc.	koles/kova/kouva		kolen/kola
dat.	koleske		kolenge
gen.	kolesko		kolengo
prepos.	koleste		kolende
abl.	kolestar		kolendar
instr.	koleha, kolesa		kolenca/kolentsa

Relative

Sing.	mask.	fem.	mask/fem plu.
nom.	kon		kone
acc.	kones/kon		konen/kone
dat.	koneske		konenge
gen.	konesko		konengo
prepos.	koneste		konende
abl.	konestar		konendar
instr.	koneha, konesa		konenca/konentsa

Sing.
nom.	savo pron rel who, which	so which, who, what
acc.
dat.
gen.
prepos.
abl.
instr.

Demonstrative pronouns

a. Substantival declension

Sing.	mask.	fem.	mask/fem plu.
nom.	kodo =that, that one	kodija	kodole/kodola
acc.	kodoles	kodola	kodolen
dat.	kodoleske	kodolake	kodolenge
gen.	kodolesko	kodolako	kodolengo
prepos.	kodoleste	kodolate	kodolende
abl.	kodolestar	kodolatar	kodolendar
instr.	kodolesa	kodolasa	kodolenca/kodolentsa

Sing.	mask.	fem.	mask/fem plu.
nom.	kodo =that, that one	kodija	kodole/kodola
acc.	kodoles	kodola	kodolen
dat.	kodoleske	kodolake	kodolenge
gen.	kodolesko	kodolako	kodolengo
prepos.	kodoleste	kodolate	kodolende
abl.	kodolestar	kodolatar	kodolendar
instr.	kodolesa	kodolasa	kodolenca/kodolentsa

Sing.	mask.	fem.	mask/fem plu.
nom.	dova/douva/kova/kouva that	kon	dola/kola   those
acc.	doles/dola/kola/		dolen/dola/kola/kole those
dat.	doleske/koleske		dolenge/kolenge
gen.	dolesko/kolesko		dolengo/kolengo
prepos	doleste/koleste		dolende/kolende
abl.	dolestar/ kolestar		dolendar/kolendar
instr.	doleha/koleha		dolenca/kolenca
voc.

Sing.	mask.	fem.	mask/fem plu.
nom.	kova/kouva that	kon	kola   those
acc.	koles/kova/kouva/		kolen/kola those, those other,that,
dat.	koleske		kolenge
gen.	kolesko		kolengo
prepos	koleste		kolende
abl.	kolestar		kolendar
instr.	koleha		kolenca
voc.

Sing.	mask.	fem.	mask/fem plu.
nom.	dava/kava  this	kon	dala/kala  these,this,
acc.	dales/dava/kakales/		dalen/dala/kala/kakala  these
dat.	daleske/kaleske		dalenge/kalenge
gen.	dalesko/kalesko		dalengo/kalengo
prepos	daleste/kaleste		dalende/kalende
abl.	dalestar/ kalestar-from, who		dalendar/kalendar
instr.	daleha/kaleha		dalenca/kalenca
voc.

“kaja pron dem f = this,-these,-that,”; “kaj pron dem f = this”; “ka pron dem m =that”; “koj pron dem f =that”; koja pron dem f =that”; “kola pron dem pl =those”; “kova pron dem m =that”; “kadaj pron dem pl = these”;

Adjectival declension   

	Mask.	Fem.		Plur mask. Fem.
1:a nom.	kodo	1:a nom.	kodija	1:a nom.	kodole, kodola
1:a obl.	kodole	1:a obl.	kodola	1:a obl.	kodole

Other demonstrative pronouns are (the forms of the adjectival declension are here given): godo, godole; godija, godola; godole, or godola; godole;.kado, kadale; kadija, kadala; kadale or kadala; kadale;. gado, gadale; gadija; gadala; gadale or gadala; gadale;. kako, kakale; kaha/katsa, kakala; kakale or kakala; kakale; ko, kole. koj, kola; kola or kole

The oblique forms kole often lose the -e, e.g. ko/kol čhaves = that boy;

ko/kol divesendar = the day before yesterday.

vari-sara/ vaver-dives// aver-dives/okole-dives/okova-dives (adv temp)= the day before yesterday.

3. Note: kova, fem. koja, plur. kola, which is declined only substantially and which often is used in the sense of ‘person’ or ‘thing’, e.g. so kam kola/dola čerel? = what will those (those persons) do?; les sas odala/kodala/kodola/kola sastrune pre/rundi/runi lesko  piere/phire/pindre = he had those iron things around his feet; ajasavo/kasavo kouva/kova = one of those things; adale/adala svaštenge, (adale/adala dolenge/kolenge) = that sort of.

4. The forms in ka– can in general be translated as ‘this’, the forms in ko– as ‘that’ (cp. the adverbs adarig/adaj/akarig/kate = here, adorig/adoj/akorig/kote = there,

e.g. so čerel ado/kodo? = what is that fellow doing; tši butide džav okolensa/ odolentsa! = I do not travel any more with those people!; ta! delas pesko/pehko čhaj, ado/ada/ rom, ka ko(u)va/kodova čhavo = and! he gave his daughter, that Gipsy, to that boy; na hi/hin kova/ kouva dženo ke/kaj (a)rakhjom paluno/palutno nijal/nilaj?=isn’t that man the one i saw last summer; le aka/adava maro! =take this bread!; ta! kon hin/si  ada/adava rakli?= and! who is this girl?

5. When denoting an inanimate object the accusative is identical in form with the nominative, e.g. me dav tu koni-pharo angrusti le ada/kada! = I’m giving you the heaviest ring, take this one!

6. ‘(The) same’ is rendered by sa and a demonstrative pronoun;, e.g. (jov) hin sajekh/ajso-sar-te koni- anglal/anglide = he is the same as before; (sa godo lo, sar anglide)= he is the same, as before; o jekhano/isto čhavo avelas/avilo pale =the same boy came again; (sa godo čhavo avilo pale/papales) = the same boy came again; joj phendijan samo beri/kova = she said the same (thing);   joj phendijan kada-isto  šehi/šej pale = she said the same (thing);  (joj sa gadija phendija) = she said the same (thing); joj mekhjas samo/jekhano rijat = she left the same night. joj dželitar samo/jekhano rijat = she left the same night (sa kadija rijat dželitar) = she left the same night.

Declination and conjugation examples                eja  – dija

Bending/Inflections of nouns                                      

Sing.	mask. sing.	mask plu.	fem. sing.	fem plu.
nom.	o raklo = the boy	le rakle =the boys	e rakli =the girl	le raklija the girls
acc.	le rakles	le raklen	la raklija	le raklijan
dat.	le rakleske	le raklenge	la raklijake	le raklijange
gen.	le raklesko	le raklengo	la raklijako	le raklijango
prep.	le rakleste	le raklende	la raklijate	le raklijande
abl.	le raklestar	le raklendar	la raklijatar	le raklijandar
instr.	le rakleha/               le raklesa	le raklenca/ le raklentsa/	la raklijaha/         la raklijasa	le raklijanca/                    le raklantsa
voc.	le rakla	le rakle le raklale	la raklia	le raklija ke raklijale

Note:

(1) le, el, le, ol are subsidiary forms of le, e.g. el čhave, el čhavoro =the (Gipsy)

children; ni el xumeres/xurda xalija = he ate even the crumbs; le rajieske zakono =

the count’s laws.

(2) le after a vowel alternates with l, e.g. kajal/andal/andar l thema = from the countries.; kajal/andal/andar le vaure/vavre/avre thema = from abroad

(3) e after a vowel often beeoines i, e.g. tele i rieat/reijat/reät = towards the

evening; apo/ka i buti  =at (the)work. .

(4) o after a vowel often beeomes u, or o, e.g. avri anda u čher (avri andav o čher), (avri čherestar) = out of the house; ta, u čhavo, phendija = and the boy said….

The definite article is most probably of Indian origin, and o (in the word-list), and

not, as previously believed by Paspati, Miklosieh and others, borrowed from the Gree

o, i.

Partieulars about the use of the definite artiele.

1. The definite article is used before:

(a) nouns in an absolute sense, e.g. jov feder-kamela/preferilela ta mangela o mas,

o thulo.= he prefer and likes fat pork; (feder-kamela/preferilela les o mas o thulo)=

(he likes/prefer fat pork)

jov tši/na kamela le raklijan = he does not like girls;

o manuš/dženo kon/kaj čerela le šele= the man who makes ropes;

 šelengiero = the rope-maker

(b) geographically proper names, e.g. o Stockholmos = the Stockholm; o Švedo or e Švedija = Sweden ; o  Norvego or e Norvegija =The Norway; e Germanija = Germany; el Bukurešti = Bucharest; o Filandos = Finland; are/and e Polska = in Poland; are/and e Ešpanij = in Spain; are/and e Čexija  = in Czech Republic

(e) Christian names, e.g. o David ta e Mirijam = David and Mirjam; dikhjian le Moses? have you seen Moses?

(d) family names in plural, e.g. el Mihaiešti, le Lovarija.

2. The definite article can not be used in front of adjectives denoting languages, e.g. Šweditšiko = the Swedish; Polijatšiko/Polnitšiko = the Polish; Anglitšiko= the English; Finitšiko/Finlantšiko =Finnish;

adala/kala/kadala roma den lafi nijamtšiko/nijamtškanes= these Gipsies speak the German adala/kala/kadala roma den lafi šveditšiko/šveditšikanes = these Gipsies speak the Swedish (language) odola/kola/kodola roma rakeren kalekanes = those Gipsies speak the kale roma language. odola/kola/kodola roma rakeren gadžikanes = those Gipsies speak the gadžikane language. 3. The definite article is repeated before a postplaeed adjective, e.g. el angrustibosko / ženibosko čhaja = the married girls; o raklo o lolo= the red boy

Interrogative pronouns

The interrogatives kon ‘who’ and so ‘what’ are deelined substantivally:

Sing.	mask.	fem.	mask/fem plu.
nom.	kon      who	kon	kone
acc.	kas		kasen
dat.	kaske		kasge
gen.	kasko-whose		kasgo
prepos	kaste-who(m)		kasde
abl.	kastar-from, who		kasdar
instr.	kaha/kasa		kaca/kastsa
voc.

Sing.	Sing.	Sing.	Plur.
nom.	so	savo	save
acc.	so	saves/savo	saven/save
dat.	soske	saveske	savenge
gen.	sosko/savo/sako/svako	savesko	savengo
prepos.	soste	savestar	savendar
abl.	sostar	savestar	savendar
instr.	soha/sosa	saveha	savenca/saventsa
voc.

Ex: savo/sosko/ manuš hi/si? = what kind of person is it

savi/soski mol kames? = What kind of wine do you like?

kones/kaske te das kodova/kada/kodeja? = to whom shall we give that?;

kones/kaste/kas dija dab?= whom did he strike?;

kon si te džambena/džilabena ta bašavena arijat? =who (plur.) will play this evening?;

konesa/kasa salas tu and jekh than? = with whom have you been in the place;

na/tši džanava koneske/kaske te dav la? = i do not know to whom I shall give here;

phen mange kone/kas me te bičhava/tradav = tell me whom Ishall send!;

jov na/tši haljuvela/hajuvela so phenes = he does not understand what you are saying;

dža ta phuč pus konesko/kasko vourdon hi/si kodo! = go and ask whom this waggon belongs to!;

tši džanes, kon čerdo koda/kodeja/kodija? Don’t you, know who has done that?;     na/tši dikhava so te avela lestar =I can’t see what will become of him. Note the meaning of soste, sostar: ‘why’; e.g. soste bandžares el kaš?= why do you bend the trees ?; sostar avijal/avilijal?= what did you come for?; “kaj pron int where to, where,- who, -which, -what,- in which direction”;”kaj pron int where,- whither,-where?”; “kaja pron int what, which”;

Interrogative pronominal adjectives

1. The interrogative savo ‘whieh (one)’, ‘what’, ‘what kind (sort) or ‘is properly a pronominal adjective, but is also declined substantivally.

Adjectival declension

Sing.	mask.	fem	Plur mask-fem
nom.	savo	savi	save
obj.	saves	saveja/savija	save

Substantival declension 

Sing.		-e  = eja
nom.	savo	savi	save
acc.	saves	savija/saveja	saven
dat.	saveske	savijake/savejake	savenge
gen.	savesko	savijako/savejako	savengo
prepos.	saveste	savijate/savejate	savende
abl.	savestar	savijatar/savejatar	savendar
instr.	savesa	savijasa/savejasa/saveijasa	savenca/saventsa
voc.

Ex.: savija/savia raklijasa salas? = with which girl have you been?;                                  savo thuvali/thyöli pijas? = what kind of tobacco do you smoke ; savejatar/saviatar buti hin/si tu? =what is your job! (what kind of job do you have?); savestar/savotar/savo gras hin tu? = what kind of horse you have?: na/tši džanav savo drom hin lačhider/o koni-feder ?= I don’t know which is the best way; na/tši phendijan/phendejan savo les  =you didn’t say which one you want; saveske hin/si te des odo/kodo/kodeja? = to whieh one shall you give that?; savi les mangeha? = which one do you want?; savejatar/savijatar lijan ado/kodo? = which woman did you get that from? .

2. The indeclinable tše/ če is used adjectivally in the sense ‘what’, ‘what kind (sort) of’ and adverbially, in exclamations, in the sense ‘what (a)’, e.g. tše/save nevibe/nevipe avenas/avjan/avilejan tu? what news did you bring (lit. with what news did you come?); tše/če/savo gras hin ado/kodo/kodo? what kind of horse is that?;

tše/če/savo balval aneha/andos/andeja  tu adaj/adari/adarik = what wind brought you here?; tše/če/savo gras! = what a horse!; tše/če/savo dživarno/ čudovitiko / čudosko filma! = what a wonderful film!; tše/če/savo dilo lo! = what an idiot!; tše/če/savo baro nakh! = what a big nose!

Indefinite pronouns

1. The indefinite nikon, nisavo, khonik. ‘nobody’, ‘no one’ is declined:

Sing.	mask-fem	mask – fem	mask – fem
nom.	khonik/nikon/nisavo/	nesavo/sakon	nitši/nitšo/khantši
acc.	khanikas/nikas	nekas/	nitšti/ništo/khantši
dat.	khanikaske/nikaske	nekaske	nitšeske/khantšeske
gen.	khanikasko/nikasko	nekasko	nitšesko/khantšesko
prepos.	khanikaste/nikaste	nekaste	nitšeste/khantšeste
abl.	khanikastar/nikastar	nekastar	nitšestar/khantšestar
instr.	khanikasa/nikasa	nekasa	nitšesa/khantšesa
voc.

Sing.
nom.	nači
acc.	nači
dat.	načeske
gen.	načesko
prepos.	načeste
abl.	načestar
instr.	načesa
voc.

Note the double use of negation and indefinite pronoun, e. g. khonik/nikon/nisavo na/tši aulo/avilo= no one came; na/tši dav tut nikaste/kanikaste = I will not give you to anyone; nikas/kanikas na/tši dikhjom = I saw no one.

2. The indefinite čiči/ništi/ ništo/khantši = ‘nothing’ is declined:

Note the double use of negation and indefinite pronoun, e.g. nikon/konik na/tši rakerdo/phendo nači/nitši/khantši = nobody said anything;

na/tši šundijas nači/nitši/khantši?=didn’t you hear anything?;

na i nači/nitši/khantši and e moxto/mosto = there is nothing in the box.

Note the expession na i načesko/nitšesko/khantšesko =’of no value’, ‘worthless’,

‘of no importance’, e.g. o kamana hin načesko/nitšesko/khantšesko = the wateh is worthless.

3. the indefinite varekon = ‘somebody’, ‘someone’, ‘anybody’, ‘anyone’ is declined like the interrogative kon, e.g. sas varekon. kaj prindžardija tut? = was there anyone who recognizes you?; dikhjal varekon/varekas and o foros? = have you seen anyone in townt?: varekon avela!= somebody comes!

4. the indefinite vareso ‘something’, ‘anything’ is declined like the interrogative so, e.g. arakhdijan vareso? = did you find something?; te xas vareso? = shall we have something to eat?; hi/si odo/kodo kamana nesavo/varesosko?= is that watch of any value; na/tši tirinela/došila/trpila vareso/varesostar = he doesn’t suffer from anything; trebul tu ada/aka/kada/katša kova/koja/beri/ šeja vareso/varesoske;? = do you need this thing for some purpose (lit. for anything).

Note the accentuation: vareso but varesosko etc.

5. The indefinite sogodi/vareso/akarso = whatever ‘(anything) and varesogodi/akarsavo = something, (anything) whatsoever, all sorts of things; are compounds of so/ko respectively vareso and the particle kogodi/sogod/godi = ‘whatever, whoever ‘; sargodi =somehow; kongodi =whoever;sargodi = however; varesogodi=something; varekongodi=somebody, whoever,; khonik/koniko= some, nobody, no one,somebody,someone, anything; khoni =nobody, no one, somebody, someone; nikon = nobody; nikhonik = nobody; sakon =everyone, any, every; kongodi/kogod/kogodi =whoever; akarkon =whoever; sar te avel =whatever, whoever;

In the oblique cases the forms soste godi (prep.), sostar godi (abl.) have been noticed; godi here appears disconnected from the declined forms of so; sogodi/sargodi (adj indef m.) = any, anything,whatever;

sogodi (pron indef)=whatever; kongodi (pron indef)=whoever; kogodi (pron indef) = whoever; sargodi (pron indef) = somehow, however; vareso (pron indef)= something,anything; varesosko (pron indef)= any, anyone; varesavo (pron indef )=any, some kind of;akarso (pron indef) =whatever, anything; nešto (pron indef) something, anything; varesogodi (pron indef )=something; varekongodi (pron indef ) =somebody, whoever; vareso (pron indef)= something, anything; sargodi (pron indef) = however etc.

Ex.: jov xal vareso/sogodi = he eats anything; ame džanas sogodi te čeras= ? we can do anything whatever; te des ma vareso/varesogodi! give me anything, (whatever!); jon rakeren/phenen jekh-avreste pa sogodi = they tell one another

all sorts of things.

“kajekh pron indef =somebody, anybody, something, anything”; “khajekh pron indef =someon”e; “nikaj pron indef =nowhere (locative), no place”; kaj-to pron indef =anywhere”; “kaja pron indef =whichever, whatever”;

Indefinite pronouns

1. The indefinite nikon, nisavo, khonik. ‘nobody’, ‘no one’ is declined:

Sing.	mask-fem	mask – fem	mask – fem
nom.	khonik/nikon/nisavo/	nesavo/sakon	nitši/nitšo/khantši
acc.	khanikas/nikas	nekas/	nitšti/ništo/khantši
dat.	khanikaske/nikaske	nekaske	nitšeske/khantšeske
gen.	khanikasko/nikasko	nekasko	nitšesko/khantšesko
prepos.	khanikaste/nikaste	nekaste	nitšeste/khantšeste
abl.	khanikastar/nikastar	nekastar	nitšestar/khantšestar
instr.	khanikasa/nikasa	nekasa	nitšesa/khantšesa
voc.

Sing.
nom.	nači
acc.	nači
dat.	načeske
gen.	načesko
prepos.	načeste
abl.	načestar
instr.	načesa
voc.

Note the double use of negation and indefinite pronoun, e. g. khonik/nikon/nisavo na/tši aulo/avilo= no one came; na/tši dav tut nikaste/kanikaste = I will not give you to anyone; nikas/kanikas na/tši dikhjom = I saw no one.

2. The indefinite čiči/ništi/ ništo/khantši = ‘nothing’ is declined:

Note the double use of negation and indefinite pronoun, e.g. nikon/konik na/tši rakerdo/phendo nači/nitši/khantši = nobody said anything;

na/tši šundijas nači/nitši/khantši?=didn’t you hear anything?;

na i nači/nitši/khantši and e moxto/mosto = there is nothing in the box.

Note the expession na i načesko/nitšesko/khantšesko =’of no value’, ‘worthless’,

‘of no importance’, e.g. o kamana hin načesko/nitšesko/khantšesko = the wateh is worthless.

3. the indefinite varekon = ‘somebody’, ‘someone’, ‘anybody’, ‘anyone’ is declined like the interrogative kon, e.g. sas varekon. kaj prindžardija tut? = was there anyone who recognizes you?; dikhjal varekon/varekas and o foros? = have you seen anyone in townt?: varekon avela!= somebody comes!

4. the indefinite vareso ‘something’, ‘anything’ is declined like the interrogative so, e.g. arakhdijan vareso? = did you find something?; te xas vareso? = shall we have something to eat?; hi/si odo/kodo kamana nesavo/varesosko?= is that watch of any value; na/tši tirinela/došila/trpila vareso/varesostar = he doesn’t suffer from anything; trebul tu ada/aka/kada/katša kova/koja/beri/ šeja vareso/varesoske;? = do you need this thing for some purpose (lit. for anything).

Note the accentuation: vareso but varesosko etc.

5. The indefinite sogodi/vareso/akarso = whatever ‘(anything) and varesogodi/akarsavo = something, (anything) whatsoever, all sorts of things; are compounds of so/ko respectively vareso and the particle kogodi/sogod/godi = ‘whatever, whoever ‘; sargodi =somehow; kongodi =whoever;sargodi = however; varesogodi=something; varekongodi=somebody, whoever,; khonik/koniko= some, nobody, no one,somebody,someone, anything; khoni =nobody, no one, somebody, someone; nikon = nobody; nikhonik = nobody; sakon =everyone, any, every

In the oblique cases the forms soste godi (prep.), sostar godi (abl.) have been noticed; godi here appears disconnected from the declined forms of so; sogodi/sargodi (adj indef m.) = any, anything,whatever;

sogodi (pron indef)=whatever; kongodi (pron indef)=whoever; kogodi (pron indef) = whoever; sargodi (pron indef) = somehow, however; vareso (pron indef)= something,anything; varesosko (pron indef)= any, anyone; varesavo (pron indef )=any, some kind of;akarso (pron indef) =whatever, anything; nešto (pron indef) something, anything; varesogodi (pron indef )=something; varekongodi (pron indef ) =somebody, whoever; vareso (pron indef)= something, anything; sargodi (pron indef) = however etc.

Ex.: jov xal vareso/sogodi = he eats anything; ame džanas sogodi te čeras= ? we can do anything whatever; te des ma vareso/varesogodi! give me anything, (whatever!); jon rakeren/phenen jekh-avreste pa sogodi = they tell one another

all sorts of things.

“kajekh pron indef =somebody, anybody, something, anything”; “khajekh pron indef =someon”e; “nikaj pron indef =nowhere (locative), no place”; kaj-to pron indef =anywhere”; “kaja pron indef =whichever, whatever”;

Indefinite pronominal adjectives

1. vaure/vaver/vaver ‘other’ alternate without change in meaning.

Substantival declension

Sing.	mask.	fem
nom.	vaver/aver/vauro       other	vaver/aver/vauri
acc.	vaveres/avres/vaures	vavereja/avreja/vaureja
dat.	vavereske/avreske/vaureske	vaverejake/avrejake/vaurejake
gen.	vaveresko/avresko/vauresko	vaverejako/avrejako/vaurejako
prepos.	vavereste/avreste/vaureste	vaverejate/avrejate/vaurejate
abl.	vaverestar/avrestar/vaurestar	vaverejatar/avrejatar/vaurejatar
instr.	vaveresa/avresa/vauresa	vaveresa/avresa/vauresa
voc.

Sing.
nom.	vaver/aver/vaure
acc.	vaveren/avren/vauren
dat.	vaverenge/avrenge/vaurenge
gen.	vaverengo/avrengo/vaurengo
prepos.	vaverejande/avrejande/vaureske
abl.	vaverejandar/avrejandar/vaurejandar
instr.	vaverejansa/avrejantsae/vaurejanca
voc.

Adjectival declension

Sing.	mask.	fem	Plur mask-fem
nom.	vaver/vaure/aver	vaver/vaure/aver	vaver/vaure/aver
obj.	vavre/avre/vaure	vavreja/avreja/vaureja	vavre/avre/vaure

Ex.: e vauri/vaver/aver rakli/čhaj = the other girl; na/tši dikhjom la vavreja/vaureja/avreja/kavreja  grasneja = I haven’t seen the other mare; na/tši dikhjomas la vavreja/avreja grasneja = I had’t seen the other mare; le vavre/aver/avre xoluensa/xolovensa = with the other trousers; sas vaure/vavre/aver vrijama= times were different then (lit. these were other.; times); na/tši čerela so le vaurehki/vaverehki/avrehki mangeha pe = he doesn’t do what the other one wants.;

Note the expressions: koni but le vaure/vaver/aver = most of the others; ničhi/nači vaver/vaure/aver =nothing else; o vari/vavre/aver dives= the day before yesterday; okova vari dives = the day before yesterday; vareso vaver/aver = something else; o jekh – po/ko vauro/aver = the one – the other.2. But ‘much’, ‘many’ is declined adjectivally

Declined Adjectivally

Sing.	mask.	fem	Plur mask-fem
nom.	but	but
obj.	bute	bute

Ex.: so aveha te čeres le bute čhavensa/čhaventsa? = what will you do with all the children (lit. the many children)?; but vrijama ažukerdam/užardam= we waited a long time; but anda lende sas barvale = many of them were rich.

3. vareko/varekon/fersavo/varesosko/nikon/nesavo/kajek/kon-nebut =anyone, anybody; svakar/svako/sakon/sakon-jekh/ sajekh/sare = ‘everyone’, ‘everybody’, ‘anyone’ ‘anybody’ is declined substantivally and adjectivally like savo. Ex.: varesavo/nisavo/ nesavo džanela te čerela kado/koja/kodeja = anyone can do that; de la varekone/kajekheske/kon-nibut/fersaveske! =give her to anybody!

4. ček/kak/ kajekh/sakon/varesavo/koniko/sarsavo= any, some: is indeclinable and weak-stressed. ček/kak/nesavo/nesosko/nesave/nikon/varekon = any, some.somebody, anybody ,something, anything; Ex.: hin tu ček/kak jagengieri-rovliro/jagengieri- kaštoro/jagako-štika? = have you got a match?; hin tu ček/kak lovina te des ma? = haven’t you got any beer to give me? ,

5. sa = ‘all’, ‘whoie’, ‘everything’ is indeclinable.; sakajekh/sakojekh/vakon-jekh/svako/sare/sako/savore =everybody, each one; Ex.: o manuš džanela sa/saro = he knows everything; sa l manuša/džene/narodos =everybody (lit. all people); sa e džene/narodos = all people.; sa e boliba/ them = the whole world.; xaleja sa o čiral = he ate the whole cheese.

6. sareno/savore/sare/ savora = ‘all’ is declined (a) substantivally and (b) adjectivally:

 (a) substantivally and (b) adjectivally: (c) “pron indef”

	Sing. mask-fem	Plur. mask – fem
nom.	saro/savoro, every, everything	sarene/sare/savore, all, everybody, whole, entire, everyone
acc.	sares/sare/savore/savores	saren/savoren,
dat.	sareske/savoreske	sarengo/savorenge,
gen.	saresko/savoresko	sarengo/savorengo  all, everybody’s, of all (the people), common
prepos.	sareste/savoreste	sarende/savorende,
abl.	sarestar/savorestar	sarendar/savorendar
instr.	saresa/ savoresa	sarensa/ savorenca/ savorentsa
voc.

Ex.: me arakhjom saren/savoren adoj/akhote/akorik/odorik = I met them all there; mangin sarengo/savorenge=everyone’s desire (longing); o sare/sarene/savore manera ka gadžengo=the way of all alliance.

Sing.	mask.	fem	Plur mask-fem
nom.	saro/savoro	saro/sare/savoro	sarene/sare/savore
obj.	saro/savoro	saro/savoro	sarene/sare/savore

(a)adj m, (b)adj indef , (c)adj indef m,  (d)adv mod, (e)pron indef

Sing.	mask-fem	mask – fem	mask – fem
nom.	cilo/celo/calo whole, all, entire, complete, unbroken,intact, intact,	nesavo/sakon	nitši/nitšo/khantši
acc.	khanikas/nikas	nekas/	nitšti/ništo/khantši
dat.	khanikaske/nikaske	nekaske	nitšeske/khantšeske
gen.	khanikasko/nikasko	nekasko	nitšesko/khantšesko
prepos.	khanikaste/nikaste	nekaste	nitšeste/khantšeste
abl.	khanikastar/nikastar	nekastar	nitšestar/khantšestar
instr.	khanikasa/nikasa	nekasa	nitšesa/khantšesa
voc.			mask – fem

7. saro/soro/cilo/celo = ‘all’, “whole”, “complete”, “entire” is indeclinable; it is used only in temporal expressions. Ex.: cilo/sare/soro dives (joj) khuvelas/khuvjarelas = she was spinning all day; soro

rf;ät kerenae butii they worked the whole night.

8. sako/svako=’every’, ‘everyone’, ‘everybody’, ‘each’ is declined

 (a) substantivally and (b) adjectivally: pron indef,  adj indef m 

	Sing mask.	Sing fem.
nom.	sakon/sako/svako every, anyh, everybody, everyone, all, each	sako/svako
acc.	sakones/svakones	sakona/sakoneja
dat.	sakoneske/svakoneske	sakonake/svakonijake
gen.	sakonesko/svakonesko	sakonako/svakonijako
prepos.	sakoneste/svakonest	sakonate/svakonijate
abl.	sakonestar/svakonestar	sakonatar/svakonijatar
instr.	sakonesa/svakoneca	sakonaha/sakonasa /svakonijasa

Sing.	mask.	fem	Plur mask-fem
nom.	sako/svako	saro/sare/savoro	sakone /svakone
obj.	sakone/svakone	sakona/sakoneja	sarene/sare/savore

Ex.: sako dives lesa= every day whit him; jon dine neve le gada/thana  ta jekh gras sakoneske/svakoneske.= they gave new clothes and a horse to each (of them); sakone/svakone čhoeske/maseske louve/luve = every month’s money. sakajekh pron indef = everybody, each one

9. kuti/uni/ ček/ nesavo = ‘some’, ‘a few’ is indeclinable. Ex.: hin tu ček/uni amala adaj?= haven’t you got any friends here?; hin ček/uni roma kon/kaj pana čhuvena gada prečo phurano manera romikanes =there are some Gipsies who still dress according; hin ček/uni roma kon/kaj pana phiraven prečo phurano romikane manera = there are some Gipsies who still dress according to the old (Gipsy) fashion; Note;(*phiravel v tr-d-/-d- = lead, guide,wear clothes ,show so, round , wear clothes on)

Reciprocal pronoun

The combination jekh vaures/vavres (masc.), jekh vauri/vavrija (fem.) ‘each other’, ‘one another’ serves as a reciprocal pronoun, occurring in the accusative and the oblique cases. Ex.: jon xaline jekh vavres (vavrija) =they ate one another; I džuvlia čorela jekh-vavrestar/jekh-vavres=the women stole from one another; jon čordine čekavreste = they stole from one another; hulavenas/frojuvenas jekh vaurestar/vavrestar = they parted from one another; frodine/foladine/huradile jekhe-avres/jekh-vaurestar/vavrestar = they had separated from each other;

I čhaj čhelelas jekh vavrejasa=the giris danced with one another; jon  čhelenas jekh vavrejasa = they danced with one another; čekar/nikada na rakerdine niči/ čiči pa jekh averes/avreste = they never spoke of one another.

Relative pronouns

Sing.	mask.	fem.	mask/fem plu.
nom.	kon      who	kon	kone
acc.	kones/kon		konen/kone
dat.	koneske		konenge
gen.	konesko -whose		konengo
prepos	koneste -who(m)		konende
abl.	Konenstar -from, who		konendar
instr.	koneha/kaha		konenca
voc.

Relative pronouns

1. The indeclinable kaj =”who,-which,-that, -what, – anyone,- someone,- a certain person?” is used to connect the relative clause to its headword.;” ka pron rel =where”; “kaj pron rel = who,-which, -that,- where?, -whither, – where to,-what,”; ”kaj pron rel which (rel.)”; ”kaj rel. pron. = with and without antecedent”; kon pron rel = who, -which,- that; ko = pron rel who; koja pron rel f. =who, kova pron rel m. =who; kon pron rel =who, -which, -that; kova pron rel = which (rel.).; ko pron rel =which (animated), who; ka pron rel =who, which, that; kada pron rel =when;

Ex .: sare/savore len kon/kaj sas le sonakaj/sunakaj/somnakaj/sumnakaj= all (those) who had gold; dža phuč adolestar/kolestar kon/kaj ačhela/bešela adoj/adoj/khote! = go and ask the man who is standing there;

The relative kaj is supplemented in the accusative of animates and in the oblique cases by the corresponding forms of the personal pronouns, ; e.g. o ranibosko/džiniboso kon/kaj skriivisareha/skirisareha lesa = the pencil you are writing with; sikhav man o karandašo kon/kaj ranisareha/džinisareha lesa = show me the pencil you are writing with;

jekh džuvli kon/kaj sare/savore džanas/stavenas/phirenas lasa= a woman with whom everyone went; muro/mo kak kon/kaj nidar/nikada na/čhi dikhjom les = my uncle whom I never saw; ado/kodo cirkusis nidar/nikada na/čhi dikhjom= that circus which I never saw.

Constructions such as the following are usual: manuš kon/kaj phandela le šuladi/šulavdi = broom-maker (lit. man who makes brooms);

šulaviboskieri/šuladiboskiero/šulavdiboskiero/šulavniboskieri = broom-maker; šulavibosko/šuladi/šulavdi/šulavni = broom; džuvli/(gadži) kaj xelavela/tho(u)vela = washerwoman (lit. woman who washes); thouviboski-džuvli/ thojiboskieri/ xelaviboskieri = washerwoman; o manuš kaj šulavela/džusavela le drome/ulice =  the streetsweeper (lit. man who sweeps the streets).; dromesko-šulaviboskiero/ulicako-šulavdiboskiero,/ dromesko/ulicako-džusiboskiero = streetsweeper; mačhuno manuš = fisherman (lit.man who fishing);

Sometimes the interrogative so ‘what’ is used as a relative pronoun, especially (a) after the correlative sa ‘all’, ‘whole’, ‘everything’ and (b) in the sense of the relative ‘what’ ‘that which’, when it is both a correlative and a relative pronoun. Ex .: (a) sa so sas are/and e moxto sas sonakuno/somnakuno= everything in the case was of gold; joj dela ame sa so amaro džindo kamela= she gives anything we want (lit. anything that our thought wishes);

(b)so dikhes, hin na čačo = what you see is not real (true); so joj phenela/rekerela hin sa xoxibata/xoxaibata si = what he says is all lies; (in other cases); jon bičindine/bikindine sa sonakunes/ somnakunes so sas len = they sold all the gold coins they had; le kamanensa so hin/si tu, so čereha lensa? =what are you going to do with the watches you have?

3. ‘He who …’ may sometimes be rendered by the interrogative kon ‘who’.                                   Ex: kon daštila/daštivela te rakerela so hin/si lake merknos, o-doleski te avela = he who can tell what marks she has, he shall have her.; kon daštisarela phenela lake markos so hi/si la, ko-dolehki te avela = he who can tell what marks she has, he shall have her; kon džala-nikli, adathar/akatar la mudardola/mudardjovela = he who rises from here will be a dead man; kon džala-avri/rikjovela-upre kadarig, te avel la murdardo/mudardjako =he who go out there, will be a dead.

Addenda to pronouns 

1. Other words used as pronominal adjectives are dosta = “enough”, nabut =”few, a little”; kuti = “little”, kotor/kotori= “few, little, a bit”; buka = “few, a little”; bita/biti =” a few”; xurdo =” little”;aja-but= “so much”: kadiki/ kadiči/adakiči =”so much “;adakici= “ much, as many”; kozom = “ so much, so many”;but = “many , much” cera/cira = “little, few, a few”; kani/xani xari = “little”; Ex.: ma hin/si dosta louve = I have enough money; de ma kuti xaben! give me a little food!; aja-but/kadiki sas les ke našti xalas les sa =he had so much food that he couldn’t eat it all;

2. ajasavo/kasavo/adasavo/asavo= “such as this”, “such a one”, “such” ,”like that”, “of that kind”, kodola/odola/dole/kola/kole = “those, that”;

(a)’ is declined like savo substantivally and adjectivally. Ex.: hin/si les ajasave/ kasave sastrune odola/kola ka l piere= he has these (lit. such) iron things (foot-irons) around his feet;  ajasavi/kasavi šukara romnija čekar či dikhjom =I have never seen such a beautiful; woman; ado grast hin ajasavo/kasavo sar muro = this horse looks like mine; ajasavai/kasavi khutavibosko kereko/roata sas la kaj khuvelas/katilas pe late =  she had one of these wheels(lit. spinning-wheel) on which she was spinning.; sas la jekh ajasavi/kasavi khutavibosko kuros/rota, savo te khuvel-pe/katel-pe (jekh khuvi-boskiero/katali-boskiero), koneske kereko/roata khuvjarela-pe/katijarela-pe ta ni kasko kereko/roata kaj joj khujarela-pe/khiuvela-pe =she had such a spinning wheel, with which one spins, (a spinning wheel) whose wheels she spun and even the wheels which she spun to spin;

Note the construction in phrases like: manges ajasavestar/kasavestar čiral? Vaj savo kames? do you want cheese of that kind? Or which/what kind of do you want?; le kuti ajasavendar/kasavendar bultši!= buy (lit. take) some of those buns!

3. kokaro/korkoro = ‘self’, ‘alone’ is in this dialect indeclinable and occurs as a pronoun in the sense ‘myself’, ‘yourself’, etc., emphasizing the subject, or as a predicative adjective in the sense ‘alone’. Ex.: musaj kokares/korkoro te džanes anda ado/odo/koda = you must know about that yourself; joj kokares/kokoro na džanelas natši/čiči =she herself didn’t;

koakares/korkore čerava ada. I’ll do it myself; kokares/korkoro dživenas = they lived alone; kokares/korkoro le raklija hin are/and e cerha/ šatra =the girls are alone in the tent; mekh les kokares/korkoro= leave him alone.

Note; nesave/nesavo/kutari pron indef = “a certain”; ajsar adv caus, adv mod . =”of course, certainly, indeed, naturally” ajso adv caus, adv mod. =”of course, certainly, naturally,”; sigurno adj =”sure, certain, safe; sigurno adv = “definitely, certainly, undoubtedly, surely, safe, of course, naturally”,  sigurno adv mod =”definitely, surely, certainly; vareko adj indef =  “some, a certain, “

4. nesavo/neki/kutari = “certain” is used in a few expressions, e.g. sas adaj/adari/ akana, ado čhavo ačhelas adarik = he has been here now, that fellow (a Mr. so and so has been here).

Note that “ (kutari)/nesave/nesavo/nekon/nesosko,neko/neki pron indef =” some, any, a certain, certain (of them), a certain (person)”: has also the sense of a substantive (belonging to ) with the feminine parallel form“ (kuterijasa)/nesave/ nesavo;

* kutari pron indef a certain * kuterica pron dem f one like that * kutari pron indef a certain e.g. aha! jon avne/avine akana, o kutari! ta e kuterica! aha, they have come now, the so and so’s! (one like that)