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Derivation of suffixes and prefixes
| mask | -uno | fem | -uni | könlös | -une |
| -utno | -utni | -utne | |||
| -atno | -atni | -atne | |||
| -kano | -kani | -kane | |||
| -ako | -aki | -ake | |||
| -jako | -jaki | -jake | |||
| -iako | -iaki | -iake | |||
| -ijako | -ijaki | -ijake | |||
| -arno | -arni | -arne | |||
| -ano | -ani | -ane | |||
| -ikano | -ikani | -ikane | |||
| -kano | -kani | -kane | |||
| -alo | -ali | -ale | |||
| -valo | -vali | -vale | |||
| -esko | -eski | -eske | |||
| -engo | -engi | -enge | |||
| -ver | – | – | |||
| -dino | -dini | -dile | |||
| – | – | – | |||
| -alo | -ali | -ale | |||
| -do | -di | -de | |||
| -lo | -li | -le |
Prefiks
-bi, -či, -čhi, -na, -ni, -pra, -po,-apo,-do,-di, -sa,
A. Suffixes
With the use of some suffixes, one may create: nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs, numerals.
Nouns
The suffixes ‐no (for masculine noun) and ‐ni (for feminine nouns)
- from verbs:
from the verb arakh‐av ”to find, guard, take care“+ suffix ‐no >arakh-no “care taker, bodyguard, finder“
from the verb (a)star‐av ”to catch“ + suffix ‐no > (as)tar-no; with feminine suffixe ‐ni > (a)starni “trap, something that catches“
from the verb( sikhavel v tr/itr-ď-/-d- 1. show, display 2. Teach), sikhav‐av “to point to” + suffix ‐no > sikhav-no; with feminine suffix -ni > sikav-ni “guide, teacher“.
b) from nouns:
The ‐ni suffix is used to get feminine nouns. For instance:
from the masculine noun grast “horse“ + ‐ni >grast-ni “mare“
from the masculine noun manuš “man“ + ‐ni > manuš-ni “woman“
from the masculine noun rom “Rom“ + ‐ni >rom-ni “Roma woman“
from the masculine noun raj “mister, sir, lord,king“ + ‐ni > ra-ni “lady, mistress, madam“ etc
The suffix (-iba/-ipa), ‐ibe(n), ‐ipe(n) forms the abstract nouns. With the help of the suffix‐ipen , ‐ipe(n), ‐pen , ‐pe(n), –iba, -iba, -iben from nouns, adjectives and verbs:
a) from nouns:
from the masculine noun amal ”friend” + suffix ‐ipe(n) > amal-ipe(n), mal-iba ”friendship”;
from the masculine noun phral ”brother” +suffix ‐ipe(n) > phral-ipe(n), -phral-iba ”brotherhood”
b) from adjectives:
from the adjective dil/o(‐i,‐e,‐e) ”crazy, mad, stupid”+suffix ‐ipe(n) >dilipe(n), dil-iba ”madness, stupidity”
from the adjective šukar ”beautiful”+suffix ‐ipe(n) > šukaripe(n), šukar-iba ”beauty”
from the adj pharo “ heavy, difficult, pregnant” and adv mod phare “ with difficulty, hardly , sadly, miserably, badly (feel) ,heavly”+ suf. ‐ipe > phar-ipe “weight,pregnancy, difficulty, sorrow ”
c) from verbs:
from the verb kam‐av ”to want, to wish, to love” + suf. ‐ipen > kam-ipen, kam-iba ”wish, love”.
from the verb šar-av “praise, extol, laud, admire, exaggerate ”+suffix ‐iben) > šariben “praise, boasting,
promotion, advertisement, achievement”
from the ačh-av “ stay, be (in a place), linger, remain, be left ,become, come into being, emerge, begin,
start , continue, last, linger , occur, arise , stand still, stand (in a place), ”+suffix ‐iben) > ačh-iben
“happening, occasion, stay, action , standpoint
from the v tr arakh-av “ find , watch over sth., guard, protect ,obtain, procure , detect ”+suffix ‐iben) >
arakh-iben n m-a/-as- “protection, shelter, discovery, invention, contraception
from the v tr/itr asav-a, sava “enjoy oneself, make laugh ”+suffix ‐iben) > asav-iben “ smile”
from the v tr bikin-av,bikn-av,biken-av “ sell,deal, trade ”+suffix ‐iben) > biken-iben, bikn-ipen,bikn-iba
selling,sale(s), sale, traffic, trade, marketing, marketin ”
from the verb lačhare-av “improve, correct, adjust, correct, arrange, embrace” + suf. ‐ipe > lačhar-ipe
“improvement,mending, correcting, correction, arrangement , coitus”
from the n m pl čhave “Romani sons, children, (Romani) boys” + suf. ‐ipe > čhavoripe, čhavoripen “childhood”
The Suffix ‐lin.
a) from nouns:
from the noun ambrol ”pear”+ suffix ‐lin > feminin noun ambrol-in ”pear tree”
from noun phabaj ”apple” +suffix ‐lin > feminin noun phabajl-in ”apple tree”
The nouns can also be formed from some adjectives.
Adjectives
Adjectives can be formed by adding to the word the following suffixes:
The Suffix ‐un/o (‐i,‐e),‐utn/o (‐i,‐e). The adjectives formed by means of this suffix come from:
a) nouns:
from the noun kašt ”wood” + suffux ‐un/o (‐i,‐e), ‐utn/o(‐i,‐e) > adjective kašt-un/o(‐i,‐e) ”wooden, made out of wood”
from the noun čher ”house” + suffix ‐un/o (‐i,‐e),‐utn/o(‐i,‐e) > adjective čherut- n/o(‐i,‐e) ”domestic, pertaining to the household”
a) adjectives:
from adjective čač/o(‐i,‐e,‐e) ”right, just, true” + suffix ‐un/o (‐i,‐e),‐utn/o(‐i,‐e) > adjective čač-utn/o (‐i,‐e) ”truthful, just”
c) adverbs:
from the adverb akana ”now” + suffix ‐un/o (‐i,‐e),‐utn/o (‐i,‐e) > adjective akan-utn/o(‐i,‐e,‐e) ”contemporary, from
now”
from the adverb upre ”up”+ suffix ‐un/o (‐i,‐e),‐utn/o(,‐i,‐e) > adjektive upr-utn/o (‐i,‐e) ”superior”
d) prepositions:
from the preposition anglal ”before, in front of” + suffix‐un/o (‐i,‐e), ‐un/o (‐i,‐e),‐utn/o (‐i,‐e) > adjective angl-utn/o (‐i,‐e) ”anterior, preceeding”
from the preposition palal ”after, behind” + suffix ‐un/o (‐i,‐e),‐utn/o(‐i,‐e) > adjective pal-utn/o(‐i,‐e) ”posterior, following”etc
The Suffix ‐(v)al/o (‐i,‐e). Adjectives of this type are formed:
from nouns:
from the masculine noun čhor ”beard” + suffix ‐(v)al/o(‐i,‐e) > adjective čhor-val/o (‐i,‐e) ”person who has a beard”
from the masculine noun rat ”blood” + suffix ‐(v)al/o(‐i,‐e) > adjective rat-val/o(‐i,‐e,‐e) ”bloody”
The Suffix ‐al/o (‐i,‐e). Adjectives of this type are formed:
from nouns:
from the masculine noun beng ” devil, the Evil One, bad, mischievous, naught ” + suffix ‐al/o(‐i,‐e) > adjective beng-al/o (‐i,‐e) “devilish, diabolic, evil , awful , violent , bad, wild etc”
The Suffix ‐ikan/o (‐i,‐e). Adjectives can be formed from:
a) nouns:
from the masculine noun murš ”man” + suffix ‐ikan/o(‐i,‐e) > adjective murš-ikan/o (‐i,‐e) ”manly”
from the feminin noun džuvli ”woman” + suffix ‐ikan/o(‐i,‐e) > adjective džuvl-ikan/o(‐i,‐e) ”womanly”
from the masculine noun phral ”brother” + suffix ‐ikan/o(‐i,‐e) > adjective phral-ikan/o(‐i,‐e) ”brotherly”
b) adjectives:
from adjective dilo ”crazy, mad, stupid” + suffix‐ikan/o (‐i,‐e) > adjective dil-ikan/o(‐i,‐e) ”crazy, foolish”
The Suffixes ‐esk/o (‐i, ‐e, ‐e) / ‐eng/o (‐i, ‐e) / ‐ak/o (‐i, ‐e) / ‐ang/o (‐i, ‐e, ‐e) are forms for the Genitive of the nouns.
from the masculine noun dad ”father” +suffix ‐esk/o (‐i, ‐e) > adjective dad-esk/o(‐i,‐e) ” the father’s” (Gen.)
from masculine noun dada ”father’s”+ suffix eng/o (‐i, ‐e) > adjective dad-eng/o (‐i,‐e) ”the father’s” (Gen);
from the feminin noun daj ”mother”+suffix ‐ak/o (‐i, ‐e) > adjective daj-ak/o(‐i,‐e) ”the mother`s” (Gen);
The Participial Suffixes ‐d/o (‐i, ‐e)
from the verb lačharla, lačhar‐av ”to fix, to repair, serve (on the table), improve, correct ” > lačhar-d/o (‐i, ‐e) ”fixed, repaired”
Adverbs
The Suffix ‐es.
from the adjective roman/o (‐i,‐e) ”rom” + suffix ‐es > roman-es ”in a roma way”
from the adjective čač/o(‐i,‐e,‐es) ”right, just” + suffix ‐es > čač-es ”truthfully”
The Suffix ‐al.
from the masculine noun maškar ”middle” + suffix ‐al > adj. maškar-al ”from the middle”
from the adverb avri ”outside” + suf. ‐al > adverbs avr-j-al ”from the outside”
Verbs
The Suffix ‐ar‐/ ‐jar‐ is one of the most productive romani suffixes and added to nouns, adjectives, numerals, adverbs,verbs, it can form verbs.
a) from nouns:
from the feminin noun mel ”dirt” +suffix ‐jar‐ > verb mel-jar‐el-a ” to get something dirty”
from the feminin noun loš ”joy”+suffix ‐ar‐ > verb loš-ar‐el-a ”to make somebody happy”
b) from adjectives:
from the adjective bar/o(‐i,‐e,‐e) ”big”+suffix ‐jar‐ > verb bar-jar‐el-a ”to grow, to cultivate, to develop”
from the adjective dil/o(‐i,‐e,‐e) ”crazy, stupid” + suffix ‐jar‐ > verb dil-jar‐el –a ”to drive somebody crazy”
from the adjective šukar ”beautiful”+ suffix ‐jar‐ > verb šuk-ar-jar‐el-a ”to beautify, to make beautiful”
c) from adverbs:
from the adverbs dur ”far” + suffix -jar‐> verb dur-jar‐el-a ”to run from, to put some distance between”
d) from verbs:
from the verb sikljola, sikjola, sikljova ”to study”+ suffix ‐jar‐ > verb sik-l-jar‐el-a, sik-jar‐el-a ” to teach”
B. Prefixes
The Prefix bi‐ can form:
a) nouns:
prefix bi‐ + feminin noun baxt ”good luck, chance” > feminin noun bi-baxt ”bad luck”
- adjectives :
prefix bi‐ +adjective londo ”salty” > adjective bi-londo ”with no salt”
- verbs:
prefix bi‐ + verb starela ”to catch, to grab, to remember” > verb bi-star-el-a ”to drop, to forget”
prefix bi‐ + verb činela ”to buy”> verb bik-in-el-a ”to not sell, to not buy”
The grammatical cases and Romani verbs
An important part of Romani language are the cases. Many authors have written about the case system of Romani. The case system in Romani can be presented in two ways: with postpositions (kher-es-tar > house-from) or with prepositions (aredar/andar o čher > from the house). There are differences in the case endings for masculine and feminine nouns, plural and singular, as well as for animate and inanimate nouns. However, very little is known and there is no research and publications about the verbs in relation to the Romani case system. Here I will present examples about some verbs from Romani language and how they go along with different cases in Romani:
1) te dža, džal (to go)
ACC
1) O rom džala kaštenge
the man go-3sg wood-for (The man goes for wood’ )
2) O rom džala apo drom
the man go(walk)-3sg on road ( ‘The man walks on the road’)
3) O rom džala apo grast
the man go-3sg after horse (The man follows the horse’)
DAT
O gad džala leske šukar
the shirt go-3sg him nice ( The shirt suits him well’)
INSTR
Me džava tusa aro/ando foro
I go-1sg you-with in-the town (‘I am coming with you to the town’)
LOK
1) I romni džala aro/ando čher
the woman go-3sg into house (‘The woman goes into the house’)
2) Me džava paš tute
I go-1sg to you ( ‘I am coming to you’ )
2)te avel (to come)
ACC
O manuš avela apo drom
the man come-3sg on-the road ( ‘The man comes on the road’)
DAT
O khabe avela leske ṧukar
the food come-3sg him-to nice ( ‘He likes the food’)
ABL
1) O čhavo avela aredar/andar o čher
the boy come-3sg from the house ( ‘The boy comes from the house’)
2) O čhavo avela čherestar
the boy come-3sg house-from ( ‘The boy comes from the house’)
INSTR
avava tusa
come-1sg you-with ( ‘I am coming with you’)
džava tusa
‘I go with you’
LOK
Me avava paš tute
I come-1sg to you ( I come close to you)
1.Avav tute 2. Avava kaj tuke
‘I am coming to you’
3)te tradel/bičhavel (to send)
ACC
I romni bičhavela e čhaves ako kurko
the woman send-3sg the child to market (‘The woman sends the child to the market’)
DAT
Trade/Bičha mange jekh lil
send-PT-3pl me-to one book (‘They sent me a book’)
ABL
Bičhadan les aredar/andar o gav
send-PT-3pl him from the village (‘They sent him from the village’)
INSTR
Tradas/Bičhadas lensa louve
send-PT-3sg them-with money
Tradas/Bičhadas louve lensa
He sent money with them’
LOC
Bičhadan mande e čhave
send-PT-3pl me-to the child(boy)
‘They had sent me the child(boy)’
4) te avel palpale (to come back)
ACC
Me avava palpale apo drom
I come back from road (‘I come back from my trip’)
ABL
Me avava palpale tumendar
I come back you-pl-from (‘I come back from your place’)
INSTR
Me avava palpale lasa
I come back her-with (‘I come back with her’)
LOC
Me avava palpale paš tute
I come back with you ( I come back close with you)
Avav palpale kaj tuke
‘I come back to you’
5) te nikjol/nikljol (to get out/to get on)
ACC
1. džala avri pe les jekh čiri, 2. ari džala pe les jekh čiri, 3.nikljol/nikljol pe les jekh čiri
go out on him one ant
i čiri kralinela/cirdela pes apo les, 2. i čiri kralinela/cirdela pes apo leske
‘An ant crawling on him’
DAT
džal avri leske jakha, nikjon/nikljon leske jakha
go out his eyes
šajte/neka les avela kuoros/koros
‘May he becomes blind’
ABL
1) dźava avri andar o čher, 2.nikjav/nikljav arodar/andar o čher
go out-1 sg from the house
‘I leave the house’
1) džava avri čherestar, 2. nikjav/nikljav čherestar
go-out -1sg house-from
I leave home/the house’
INSTR
1.O čhavo džala lasa ako bijav, 2. O čhavo nikjola/nikljola lasa ako bijav
the boy go-out 3sg her-with to wedding
‘the boy goes to the wedding with her’
LOC
1.O rom džal upre čhereste, 2.O rom nikjol/nikljol upre čhereste
the man go out-3sg on house-the
‘The man climbs on the houses wall’
6) te gindila/del pes godi (to think)
LOC
1. Me dav man godi pe leste, 2. lav pe godi pe leste, 3. gindisarav pe leste
I think about him
1.del pes godi pe late, 2 jov del pe godi pa late
he thinks of her
7) te mangela (to ask, beg, request, require, desire 2. order, give an order)
ACC
1.Kamav e čhaja, 2.Mangav e čhaja
love-1sg the girl
‘I love the girl’
8) te dikhel (to see)
ACC
1) Dikhav o čher
see-1sg the house (‘I see the house’)
2) Dikhav e dades
see-1sg the father ( ‘I see the father’)
ABL
1) Dikhava e čherestar dži ki len
see-1sg the house-from till the river ( ‘I can see from the house till the river’)
2) Dikhava andar o čher dži ki len
see-1sg from the house till the river (‘I can see from the house till the river’)
INSTR
Dikhava tusa o filmo, manga/kama te dikhava o filmo tusa
see/Watch1-sg you-with thefilm ( ‘I watch the film with you’)
LOC
Dikhava upre leste šukar gad
see-1 sg on him nice shirt (‘He has a nice shirt on’)
9) te vakerel (to say/ to talk)
DAT
Me rakerava/phenava tuke kaj ame džas ando foro
I tell-1sg you that we go-1pl to-the city (‘I tell you that we go to the city’)
ABL
Rakerdom aredar/andar o lil
speak-PT1sg about the book (‘I spoke about the book’)
INSTR
Rakerdom lensa
speak-PT1sg them-with (‘I spoke with them’)
LOC
Rakerdom ko radio
speak-PT1sg in the radio (‘I did spoke on radio’)
10)1. te džiftila pes 2. te dženimila pe 3. te dženimbila pes 4. prandel pes (to get married)
INSTR
Me džiftijom/dženimjom lasa
I marry-PT1sg her-with
‘I married her, I have got married with her’
12) te džiftilavav 2. te dženimilavav 3. te dženimbilavav 4.prandavav (make s.o. to get married)
ACC
Me džiftavava/dženimavav/bijavava les jekhe čhajasa
I marry-1sg him one girl-with (‘I married him to a girl’)
INSTR
Me džiftavava/dženimavav/bijavava lesa mire čhaja
I marry-1sg him-with my daughter (‘I made him to marry my daughter’)
12) te bijanel, te bijandila (to give a birth)
DAT
1.I krajisa/ kralica bijandili e krajliseske / krajiseske/ kraliseske jekhe
2. I kralica bijandili e krajiseske jekhe
3.I kralica bijandili e kraliseske jekhe
the queen gave birth the king-DAT one-to
1.sumnakune rakles 2. sonakunes raklo
golden boy
1.I krajisa/ kralica bijandili e krajliseske / krajiseske/ kraliseske jekhe sumnakune rakles/sonakuno raklo
2. I kralica bijandili e kraliseske jekhe sumnakune rakles
The queen gave a birth to a golden boy for for the king’
ACC bijanula, bijanuvela,bijanela,bijandila gave birth phari/khabni pregnant
1.I daj bijandili jekhe čhaves 2.I daj bijandila jekhe čhaves 3.I daj bijanel jekhe čhaves 4.I daj bijanela jekhe čhaves
the mother gave birth one-to boy
‘The mother gave birth to a boy’
LOC
1.i phari/khabni džuvli bijanela/bijandila aro/ando lengo čher, 2. i phari/khabni džuvel bijandila aro/ando lengo čher
3. i phari/khabni džuvli bijandili aro/ando lengo čher,
the pregnant woman gave birth in their house
‘The pregnant woman gave a birth in their house’
1. i phari/khabni džuvli bijanela/bijandila aro/ando peski čher, 2. i phari/khabni džuvli bijandili aro/ando peski čher,
the pregnant woman gave birth in her own house
1. i phari/khabni džuvli bijanela/bijandila aro/ando lako čher, 2. i phari/khabni džuvli bijandili aro/ando lako čher,
the pregnant woman gave birth in her house
1. i phari/khabni džuvli bijanela/bijandila aro/ando lesko čher, 2. i phari/khabni džuvli bijandili aro/ando lesko čher,
the pregnant woman gave birth in his house
1.i phari/khabni džuvli bijanvelas/bijandilas aro/ando peski čher 2. i phari/khabni džuvli bijandilas aro/ando peski čher,
‘”The pregnant woman was born in her own house”
13) te mera, te merel (to die )
DAT
Jov merel lake
he die-3sg her-for ( ‘He dies for her’)
Joi merel leske
she die-3sg him-for (‘she dies for him’)
Jov merel lenge
he die-3sg them-for (‘He dies for them’)
LOC
Tu meres apo drom
you die-2sg on-the road (‘You die on the road’)
joi merel apo drom
shedie-2sg on-the road (‘She die on the road’)
ame meras apo drom
we die-2sg on-the road (‘We die on the road’)
INSTR
Jon mule lensa aro/ando foro
they die-3plPT them-with in-the city (‘They died together with them in the city’)
ABL
1) joj muli xoljatar, 2. joi muli xolijatar, 3. joi muli rušatar, joi merela xoljatar,/rušatar
she died anger-from
‘She died of anger’
1) joj muli aredar/andar i xoli 2. 2. Joi merela aredar/andar i ruš 3. Joi merela/merla aredar/andar i xoli/ruš
she died from the anger
‘She died of anger’
LOC
1.jov mulo aro/and-o gav 2. Jov mulas aro/ando gav
he die-3sgPT in-the village
‘He died in the village’
The examples above show clearly that there are certain verbs which go or do not with certain cases. The same verb used in different cases can have different meanings and the same phenomenon is observed in Hindi as well Conclusions
As it is shown in the paper, Romani still preserves structures typical for Hindi and other Indo-Arian languages. The verbs used by some cases are also similar to Hindi, or dialects of Hindi, which show that the deep structure of Romani comes from Indian languages, or dialects of Hindi.
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